Dioxin Hazards and Prevention

The high density of population in ROC.

the production of waste is increasing day by day, Garbage problems are the most challenging for governments at all levels

In the face of limited landfill space and existing capacity constraints, incineration has gradually become the primary interim waste disposal method to address the garbage problem at this stage.

However, refuse incineration may release a variety of harmful substances, including heavy metals (such as As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Ni, Be, Ba, Ag, etc.), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as well as dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs).

Project Overview

Project Overview

Project Goals and benefits

  • Investigate the concentration of dioxin in the air, soil, plants, and animal meat around three waste incineration plants (Neihu, Muzha, and Beitou) Establish a database for the concentration of dioxin in the air, soil, plants and animal meat around the incineration plant.

  • Collecting domestic and foreign scholars or government agencies that have conducted related dioxin research in Taipei City, and analyzing the comparison of foreign dioxin pollution with this city.
  • Based on the results of the sampling, suggestions on the operation of the incineration plant are put forward as a reference for the EPA's subsequent policy guidelines and control priorities.

Project Content

  • Pre-sampling forum
  • Sampling and analysis of dioxin
  • Promotional propaganda and web pages
  • Result forum

Project Plan

  • Site survey and data collection
  • Pollutant emission analysis
  • Environmental monitoring
  • Administration

Expected Benefits

Pre-sampling forum

Organize pre-sampling briefing sessions for the three incineration plants in Taipei City to address residents' concerns and conduct results briefings to educate and consult with the public.

Identify the source of pollution

Our team has a database containing characteristic profiles of PCDD/Fs emissions from various pollution sources' flue gases. This can be utilized for comparing characteristic profiles of ambient media around the perimeter, aiding in confirming pollution sources.

Comparison and Analysis

Comparison and analysis of relevant domestic and international research projects, and investigate the impact of PCDD/Fs environmental contamination with refuse incineration plants. Provide recommendations for the operation and management of refuse incineration plants.

Provide relevant information

Create promotional materials for project achievements and establish a website to disseminate relevant information, aiming to reduce public concerns.

Introduction to Dioxin

What are the effects of dioxin on human health?

In 1997 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; the most potent dioxin congener) as a group 1 carcinogen based on limited evidence in humans.

The impact of dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) on human health encompasses the following four aspects:

1

carcinogenic toxicity

  • Epidemiological studies have shown an association between exposure to dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and the occurrence of soft tissue tumors and malignant lymphomas.

2

hepatotoxicity

  • The liver is one of the most sensitive organs in the body to dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). Following the Seveso accident in Italy, children exposed to dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) exhibited liver enlargement.

3

vertical transmission

  • Dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) can also pass from the mother through the placenta to the fetus, potentially leading to miscarriage or birth defects in pregnant women.

4

dermal toxicity

  • When human beings are accidentally exposed to dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), if the dioxin/furan (PCDD/Fs) concentration in the blood exceeds 160 pg TEQ/g lipid, chloracne can develop within approximately one to three weeks. Chloracne mainly occurs on the face, especially around the eyes, sides of the nose, in front of the ears, chest, and upper back, among other areas. In 1979, the rice bran oil contamination incident in Taichung and Changhua areas of Taiwan caused by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was also associated with PCDFs contained in PCBs and resulted in toxicity (skin diseases, developmental neuro-intelligence disorders, high incidence of deformities, etc.).

How is the toxicity of dioxins?

The toxicity of dioxins can be represented using a concept called Toxicity Equivalency (TEQ). When discussing the toxicity of dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), we often refer to the idea of Toxicity Equivalency Quantity (TEQ). The extent of toxicity is usually measured using Toxicity Equivalency Factors (TEFs), which means comparing the toxicity of each type of 2,3,7,8-substituted dioxin/furan (PCDD/Fs) to that of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. The resulting ratio is known as the TEF. The table below presents the recommended Toxicity Equivalency Factors for dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) by both the International TEF (I-TEF) and the WHO. After analyzing and determining the concentration of individual 2,3,7,8-substituted dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), you multiply them by their respective TEF values, and the toxicity of a sample is calculated as the sum of all TEQs in the sample.

What is Dioxin?

Dioxins refers to a group of toxic chemical compounds that share certain chemical structures and biological characteristics.(see figure 1). Dioxins are environmental pollutants. They belong to the so-called “dirty dozen” - a group of dangerous chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Dioxins are of concern because of their highly toxic potential. Experiments have shown they affect a number of organs and systems.

Source of Dioxin?

Dioxins are primarily generated through combustion, making their sources widespread. The main sources of dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) in the atmosphere are generated by human activities, including power generation or energy production, metal smelting and chemical manufacturing, other high-temperature emission sources, and waste incineration:

Combustion for specific industrial processes

  • High-temperature processes such as metal smelter, coal or oil power plants.
  • Combustion and emission of chlorinated organic substances from refuse incineration plant and crematorium.

Industrial process by-products

  • Manufacturing of chlorinated phenolic compounds.
  • Chlorination and bleaching process of pulp.
  • Manufacturing of pesticides, industrial and household cleaners.

Open Burning

  • Burn garbage, waste hardware, agricultural waste, cigarettes, firecrackers, etc.

Mobile pollution source

  • Gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust.

Environment

  • Volcanic eruptions, Forest fire.

How much dioxin do you eat in a day?

Dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) enter the ecological food chain and human diet through two main pathways:

1

airplantsanimals and water

  • Environmental Contamination (Air and Soil)
  • Plants (Adhere or partially absorb, in small amounts)
  • Herbivorous or detritivorous insects, herbivores (Begin to accumulate)
  • Birds, carnivorous animals (Accumulate within organisms)
  • Humans (At the end of the food chain, accumulation depends on dietary habits and consumption)

2

sedimentfish

  • Environmental Contamination (River and Ocean)
  • Aquatic and marine plants (Adhere or partially absorb) and sediment deposition (Adsorbed onto particles, settling to the sediment)
  • Aquatic and marine herbivorous or detritivorous crustaceans, insects, herbivorous fish, and shrimp (Fish, shrimp, and other organisms start accumulating)
  • Aquatic and marine large Species (Large fish, squid, large shrimp, crabs, and other organisms accumulate within their bodies)

Dioxin Control Technique

Dioxin Control Technique of Refuse Incineration Plant

Introduction to Air Pollution Control Equipment and Dioxin Control in Taipei's Three Incineration Plants.

General public often worries about the generation of dioxins from incinerators, but in reality, the most effective method for removing 'dioxins' is high-temperature combustion. Large-scale waste incinerators operate at temperatures exceeding 850°C, which is sufficient to break down dioxins. In cases where dioxin levels are higher, the incineration temperature needs to be controlled at 1000°C or higher.

current operating requirements set by the Ministry of Environmental (MOENV) for refuse incineration plants are as follows, and they must meet the following five conditions to be eligible for emissions.
  • The combustion temperature downstream of the secondary air injection port shall not be lower than an hourly average value of 850 degrees Celsius.
  • Gas retention time in existing incinerators shall reach more than 1 second; in newly established incinerators it shall be more than 2 seconds.
  • Carbon monoxide (CO) at the stack outlet shall not be lower than an hourly average value of 100 ppm. Emission oxygen concentration shall take 10% as reference standard.
  • Emission oxygen concentration shall be 6% or higher.
  • The exhaust gas temperature at the dust collection equipment intake shall be lower than 280 degrees Celsius for existing incinerators, and lower than 200 degrees Celsius for newly established incinerators.

The dioxin emission standard value is 0.1 ng-TEQ/Nm3.

Prevention

Prevention

Resource Recycle

Recycling waste plastic containers, using recyclable materials. The composition of the garbage sent into the incinerator will also affect the concentration of dioxin. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job of sorting the garbage, especially plastic garbage should be recycled, and reducing the production of garbage is the most effective way to reduce the amount of dioxin.

Reduce the Use of Chlorine-Containing Products

Reduce the Use of Chlorine-Containing Products

Try to use low-polluting and recyclable materials, and use less PVC plastic bags, chlorine-containing bleach, organic chlorine preservatives, pesticides and other chlorine-containing materials.

No Open Burning

No Open Burning

Garbage, waste hardware, waste cables, waste tires, waste furniture, etc.

Better Use of Public Transportation

Better Use of Public Transportation

Try to take public transportation and reduce the use of motor vehicles.

Environmental Monitoring

Environmental Monitoring history

Overall, the annual ambient air (PCDD/Fs) concentrations at Neihu, Mu-zha, and Beitou Refuse Incineration Plants have been lower compared to those at the boundaries of urban waste incineration facilities in various regions across the country. This indicates that under normally operating conditions, the impact of those three Refuse Incineration Plants on ambient air PCDD/Fs is not significant.

Comparing the historical data of PCDD/Fs isomer concentrations in the ambient air, plants, and soil at various sampling points within the three Refuse Incineration Plants over the years, it can be observed that the distribution of PCDD/Fs in environmental media is not significantly correlated with the three facilities. Statistical results indicate a slight overall decreasing trend, but the variations in PCDD/Fs content in the ambient plants and soil at the boundaries are not significant.

Historical Test Results

Information

Q&A

A

When dioxins are released into the atmosphere, they can potentially be transported over long distances, making dioxins ubiquitous worldwide. Additionally, when dioxins are discharged into water bodies, they tend to settle in sediments and may later be transported elsewhere or taken up by fish and aquatic organisms. Dioxins in the environment are not easily broken down or eliminated but instead can accumulate on plant surfaces or be taken up by organisms, both flora and fauna. Dioxins accumulate through the food chain, so the dioxin content in animals is generally higher compared to that in plants, water, soil, or sediments, and it tends to accumulate in animal fat.

A

Since dioxins persist in the environment for a long time, there may be some level of dioxins present in the human body to some extent. Unfortunately, there is currently no safe and effective method to remove dioxin content from the body. Dioxins in the body gradually get eliminated through metabolic processes over the years, so reducing exposure to dioxins can lead to a decrease in dioxin levels in the body. Therefore, the best approach is to avoid exposure to environments containing dioxins and the consumption of foods containing dioxins.

A

We do not recommend avoiding specific foods like meat, milk, or fish solely because they may contain dioxins. Instead, we suggest opting for lean meats, low-fat, or fat-free meat products and increasing your intake of fruits, vegetables, and grains. Meat, milk, and fish are important sources of nutrients for the human body. Milk provides calcium, vitamin A, vitamin D, and riboflavin, while meat offers iron, zinc, and B vitamins. Fish provides beneficial fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Additionally, meat, milk, and fish are all rich sources of high-quality protein.

To reduce saturated fat intake and minimize our exposure to dioxins, the following strategies can be employed:

  1. Choose lean meat, which has a lower fat content or has had visible fat removed.
  2. For fish and poultry, remove skin to reduce fat intake.
  3. When cooking, use less butter and lard. Additionally, opt for cooking methods that allow for fat removal from food, further reducing dietary fat intake.
A

For the sake of health and a balanced diet, we still need a certain amount of fat. Fat provides energy and fatty acids, and it helps the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K. Therefore, in our daily diet, we still need to consume foods that contain a small amount of fat. The amount of fat intake should be less than 30% of the total daily energy intake, and saturated fat intake should also be less than 10%. For a person needing 2000 calories per day, the total fat intake would be 65 grams, including less than 20 grams of saturated fat. We do not recommend avoiding all types of fats, but we suggest choosing lean meats and low (or non-fat) foods and reducing the use of animal fats for cooking. The recommendations regarding saturated fats align with the strategy to reduce dioxin exposure: reducing saturated fat intake also lowers the risk of dioxin exposure.

A

Washing food is a good method to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination, but it cannot remove dioxin. Cooking methods, such as removing fat, can lower the fat content in food and, as a result, reduce the intake of dioxin in one's diet.